Frequently Asked Questions

This FAQ section addresses the most common questions we hear from utilities as they navigate PFAS treatment—how to get started, how to budget, and which technologies make sense for their system. Use these answers as a starting point, and reach out to us anytime for project-specific guidance.

We start with an intro discussion to learn about your needs, and then break down what technologies exist, how they work, and which are appropriate for your project. No jargon or guesswork—just clear guidance.

Sentinel assists with equipment sizing, vessel configuration, media selection, flow modeling, and ancillary equipment requirements.

Because we offer multiple GAC and IX media options, we can evaluate compatibility with your water quality, breakthrough performance, operational expectations, and footprint limitations using desktop modeling or a variety of pilot testing approaches.

Sentinel differentiates through responsiveness, customization, and a willingness to design solutions that actually fit your site—not force your project into a template. Because our vessels and valve trees are custom-built we can achieve a larger range of contact times vs. other vendors who only provide cookie-cutter systems, reducing both upfront CAPEX and long-term O&M spend.

Per the EPA PFAS Treatment Fact Sheet:  “For public water systems serving 10,000 or fewer people, the EPA designates technologies that are both effective and affordable as Small System Compliance Technologies (SSCTs). The EPA determined that there are available SSCTs for the PFAS MCL which are the same as the BATs, though some of these technologies are only anticipated to be affordable for certain small systems depending on the populations they serve. Anion exchange was found to be affordable for all system size categories, granular activated carbon in most cases for systems serving between 25-500 people as well as in all cases for larger systems …” 

Yes, PFAS Roughing Filter™ systems can be installed upstream of a traditional lead-lag treatment system and provide the same benefits of reduced O&M costs, improved compliance, and quicker media changeouts while reducing the need to change media onsite and backwashing when putting new media into service.  In fact, adding a PFAS Roughing Filter™ system ahead of your existing lead-lag system can eliminate the need to perform complicated media changeouts on your large vessels and greatly reduce your overall media usage.  We have rental options available to quickly demonstrate this approach, with portable tanks capable of storing up to 10,000 lbs of GAC.

It doesn’t have to be!  Traditional lead-lag filtration systems have worked well for decades when removing constituents measured in the parts per billion range, but are wasteful when applied to PFAS where drinking water limits are in the parts per trillion range.  For comparison, a part per billion is equivalent to 1 second in the past ~32 years, whereas a part per trillion is a single second in the past 32,000 years.  Because PFAS constituents are regulated at such low levels and have such a large mass transfer zone (MTZ) within the media bed, the end result is PFAS detections exceeding your drinking water permit when your lead-lag media is only partially used.  This was the inspiration for the PFAS Roughing Filter™, which is designed to fully exhaust your media prior to being changed.